When are ET tubes or laryngeal masks indicated?

Endotracheal tubes (ET tubes) and laryngeal masks are indicated when positive pressure ventilation (PPV) does not result in clinical improvement. This situation often occurs in cases where the infant's airway needs to be secured more effectively due to inadequate ventilation or oxygenation despite initial attempts with bag-mask ventilation. The use of these advanced airway devices allows for direct access to the trachea, ensuring that air can be delivered more effectively than with PPV alone.

PPV may initially provide some support, but if there is no improvement in the infant's heart rate, respiratory effort, or overall condition, transitioning to an ET tube or a laryngeal mask is essential. This move can help alleviate any obstruction issues, reduce the risk of aspiration, and improve oxygen delivery.

The other options involve scenarios where the use of ET tubes or laryngeal masks wouldn't be appropriate or necessary. For instance, if PPV is working effectively, there would be no need for advanced airway management. Additionally, routine resuscitation do not typically call for such interventions unless specific clinical indicators arise. Lastly, using these devices only during cardiac arrest does not encompass the broader situation in which they can be critical for effective resuscitation following inadequate performance